Environmental Engineering (anglicky) - předměty programu

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Basic quantum mechanics. Wave – particle duality, wave function and its interpretation. Schroedinger equation. Structure of atom. Excited states. Spontaneous and stimulated electron transitions. Transition probability. Spectral lines. X – rays, structure and composition of substances. Principle of lasers (population inversion, solid state, gas and liquid lasers). Spectroscopic techniques (spectrometers, raman spectroscopy), preparation of samples. Physical principles of microscopy (optical, scanning electron microscopy, AFM). Surface forces (liquids, solids). Tensiometry, wetting angles and surface energies on atomic flat/rough surfaces.

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General principles of metrology, quantities and units, standardization and certification for individual tasks. Fundamentals of uncertainty theory. Processing of measured data. Principles of experiments, assembly of apparatus, monitoring of measured quantity. Direct measurement of weight, length, time and other quantities. Measurement by indirect methods. Basics of practical electrical engineering. Measurement of non-electrical quantities by electrical methods, types of sensors (transducers). Experiment and computer-controlled measuring system, assembly sensor, measuring device, AD converter, computer. Measurement of the thermal conductivity coefficient and other thermal parameters of building materials.

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Basic principles of renewable energy resources, their impact on environment, recent trends. Solar energy: thermal, photovoltaic. Biomass: burning, biogas, liquid fuels. Nuclear energy: fusion and fission.

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Polymers classification (natural, synthetic). Structure of polymers (amorphous, crystalline, fibres, elastomers). Preparation of polymer materials. Thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of polymerization. Chemical bonds in polymer chains. Physico-chemical properties of polymers (mechanical, thermal). Electrospinning and NANOSPIDER. Nanofibers vs. Macroworld. Modification of polymer-based nanofibres (plasmatic technologies, heterogeneous nucleation, bacteriocidity). Properties of polymer-based thin films (wettability, hydrophobicity). Application of polymer-based nanofibres in environment (microfiltration, hydrophobicity, bacteriocidity).

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The course on energy management covers the issues of management in general, energy management, energy systems, and energy efficiency in the European legislation framework. The main target of the course is to explain basic principles and future changes in the construction industry, specifically in the field of energy efficiency economics. The students will increase their knowledge about strategies towards sustainable energy in buildings and mainly about energy efficiency. A specific part of the course is dedicated to the evaluation of energy efficiency measures, supporting schemes for energy efficiency, tackling energy poverty, multi-criterial evaluation of projects, LCA (live cycle assessment) and LCC (life cycle cost), moreover the students receive overview of the cost optimum calculation.

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The course goal - Students will be competent in accessing public support sources for the realization of research, investment or educational projects. Students will gain an understanding of Methodology of the Project feasibility study - assessment of project effectiveness and viability. To verify the understanding of the information obtained, students work on a specific project in the field of his research area or professional activity. Financial and Risk Analysis is a part of the Project

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The subject develops a question of individuality of the landscape character as an important idea of the landscape quality conception according to the European Landscape Convention. An idea of individual qualities of the landscape is consequently projected into the tools of territorial and landscape planning. Therefore the attention will be paid to the features of identity of historic cultural landscapes as evidences of cultural-historic and economic conditions of periods of development, the analysis of historic maps and their interpretation from the hypothetical visual expression of the landscape structure point of view, analysis of historic iconographic basic documents and identification of characteristic typological features. The final view is focused on the image of the current landscape – identification of attributes of individual historic periods of transformations of the landscape picture of the Czech landscape, which aims to searching the features of identity of the current cultural landscape and its individual types. The students will analyze particular landscapes from the standpoint of the presence of features of the character individuality in their development and at present and will analyze the collected results, interpret their meaning and propose their use in the tools of territorial and landscape planning.

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The subject develops the knowledge of significant properties of urban structures, which are evident in the quality of urban environment and in the assumptions of sustainable development of cities. It is actually urbanity caused by the arrangement and form of housing development and simultaneously urbanity caused by lifestyle of inhabitants, or more precisely by stimulation of social functions. An important sphere of problems are therefore the public places, their urban quality and typological traditions, perceived by users and giving possibilities of grasping the space as well as identification with the space. The attention will be also paid to the aspects of sustainable development of cities, which is connected both with ecological and urban requirements – for the economical and considerate treatment with the territory and minimization of environmental burdens influenced by the development tendencies. An important topic of the landscape problems of a town are the questions of green infrastructure of a town and particularly urban spaces as a part of residential greenery systems and their functions in the city landscape. The students will carry out an analysis of particular town territories, identification of qualitative features of urban environment and interpretation of their meanings for sustainability of urban structure development and for the quality of urban environment.

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Students will familiarize with methods form fields of systems engineering, information systems, process modeling including process optimization methods, database systems and data formats and other fields of engineering informatics based on focus of their Ph.D. thesis. Current applications of engineering informatics in civil engineering will be explained. Focus of the course will be always to the field of student’s interest and topic of Ph.D. thesis. Goal of the course will be to define application of engineering informatics methods for research goals of students Ph.D. thesis or to define requirements of engineering informatics methods adaptation or define new methods in order to support research goals of Ph.D. thesis. Outputs will be in the form of seminar work.

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In this course students will be intoduced into basic terms of probability theory, combinatorics and mathematical statistics. Basic statistic distribution and basic types of random proceses will be introduced. Also the problematic of hypothesis testing and accordance between theoretical and empiric distribution will be mentioned.

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In this course, which is taught exclusively in English, attention is paid to the structure of a scientific or technical paper, to grammatical and stylistic aspects and to the creative scientific writing process from manuscript preparation up to its publication (including the selection of an appropriate journal and the manuscript submission and review process). Other topics covered in the course include effective search for and processing of information sources in a network environment, exploitation of library, open-access and other resources and tools, citation rules and publication ethics. Students get acquainted with citation managers, manuals of style, typesetting rules and tools for the preparation of a technical manuscript in LaTeX. Basic information on bibliometric tools and evaluation of scientific output is also provided.

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The subject is focused on basic principles of soil dynamics – on waves in flexible environment and with properties of soils when dynamically loaded. Methods of laboratory and filed dynamic properties of soils are the starting point for the students. After that they will be acquainted with modern methods of the determination of dynamic shear modulus with help of bender elements. The attention will be devoted after that on the impact of the dynamic properties determination with respect to the fidelity and availability of individual values for the solution of the specific geomechanical task. Students after that will solve basic tasks of the determination dynamical soil properties na on the base of wave velocity spreading in soils and also on the base of penetration tests. Students will provide individually and with teammate realize laboratory measurements of the dynamic shear modulus of soils.

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Monitoring of structures and subsoil applied as a tool for verification of assumptions made at design stage, selection of input data for calculations and for serviceability approval. Relationship of instrumentation by sensors and reliability to describe subsoil response and development of behaviour of monitored structure in real scale. Data gathering for back analyses and modelling of subsoil and structure deformation development. Practical training of line-wise monitoring of 3D displacement in instrumented borehole in front of the Faculty of Civil Engineering. Examples if instrumentation and data gathering for different types of displacement sensors, mechanical stress and temperature. Description, execution and evaluation of results of selected field tests. Examples of applications of field tests and applications for calculations and modelling. Design of field tests and field instrumentation for selected types of structures and site conditions.

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The subject is focused on the upgraded level of Soil Mechanics needed to design geotechnical structures, first with agreement of Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design. Logical scheme of the geotechnical structure design is presented – starting with specification of geological model, followed by geotechnical model, numerical model and ending with phase of realization and structure monitoring. Therefore the methods of sample collection, realization of laboratory and in situ tests are specified, guaranteeing evaluation of the reliable geotechnical properties. Evaluation of the design situations on the limit states of failures and serviceability. The initial state of stresses is emphasized followed by stresses changes (stress paths). Analytical calculation methods versus numerical methods (FEM). Deformation under 1 D 2D and 3 D conditions together with time effect (‘soil consolidation) Differences between short term and long term stability, bearing capacity. Progressive failure of soils. Different relation between change of stresses and strains for different types of soils. Different behaviour of saturated and partly saturated soils. In the part of geo-environmental engineering, the attention is focused on geo-environmental investigation, on remediation methods for subsoil decontamination, on the construction on brownfields, exploitation of geothermal energy, natural hazards, as are floods, landslides and rock-falls. Part of the subject are laboratory tests performed in soil mechanics laboratory.

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Detailed acquaintance with specificity and demands for Earth structures of hydro engineering (fill dams, small dams, dikes, historical dams, canals), and environmental engineering (different types of landfills, tailing dams and soil heaps). Soil as the main construction material, manners of utilization, compaction and controls. Applicability of soil for different parts of earth structures (sealing element, filter, and stabilization zone). Verification of limit state of serviceability, either for fulfilment of the basic purpose – water retention, sealing, or the elimination of settlement of the earth body with respect to it functionality or utilization of the surface in future. Verification of the limit state of failure with specification on limit states typical for hydro engineering, as stability, bearing capacity, uplift, surface erosion, internal erosion (including all possible manners). Differences between the behaviour of earth structures with long term contact with water (principle of saturated soil) and earth structures with limit contact (principle of partly saturated soil). Part of the subject are also laboratory experiments in soil mechanics laboratory.

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Specifics of urban roads to roads and highways ot of town, influencing factors. Design of urban roads and traffic safety. Design principles, principles of calculating of roads capacity and intersections, pedestrian and bicycle transport facilities. Parking problems - possibilities, principles. Outlook ensuring viewing at intersections and pedestrian crossings. Traffic lights – design and proposal for coordination. Principles of traffic calming

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Traffic surveys - classification, types, traffic analysis, prospective intensities. Special traffic surveys - cyclists, pedestrians, parking, public transport, vehicle weighing. Basic ways of monitoring traffic flow. Basic characteristics of the movement of an individual vehicle. Equation of continuity, traffic flow density. Parameters of traffic fluency and their relationship to fuel consumption. Microscopic and macroscopic models of traffic flow. Monitoring of risk - conflict situations.

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Types of pavement structures, their basic models, approaches to calculation (theoretical design of multilayer systems). Requirements for a complex design method, characteristics of road construction materials, boundary conditions (subgrade conditions, climatic conditions, etc.). Diagnostics and assessment of the technical condition of pavements and subgrade - methods. Non-destructive diagnostics of pavements and subgrade - GPR method. Pavement degradation. Calculation of reinforcement. Pavement management.

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The subject focuses mainly on the diagnostics of railway tracks in railway and tram lines. Within the theoretical part of the subject, students will focus on diagnostics and classification of surface defects of rails influencing the acoustic situation in the vicinity of the railway track during the passage of a vehicle. In addition, the concepts of rail wear and track maintenance will be explained within the subject. Students will be acquainted with the methods of non-destructive testing of the rails and the system of tracking of rail defects. They will become acquainted with the basic methods of defectoscopy with a focus on the measurement of wavelength and roughness of the rails heads, which are crucial methods in the contemporary implemented pan-European methodology of Cnossos. In the practical part, the students will learn the basics of the measurement of the rail corrugation and the roughness of the rails. As part of the field measurements, the student will, with support of a teacher, collect data using equipment for measuring rail corrugation and roughness of the rails. The measured data will be evaluated by a student. The practical output will be the processed measurement protocol.

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The subject introduces students to the principle of noise measurement in the field with a focus on modern methods of locating noise sources in rail transport on a real passing vehicle. As part of the practical part of the course, field measurements will be carried out using a modern device - an acoustic camera, which enables the display of the measured acoustic signal in the video camera image, or sound level meter be used. Students will learn to operate this device as part of the practical part. As part of post-processing, the student will perform a thorough analysis of the frequency range of the signal. Based on the performed frequency analysis, the student will determine which noise sources can be identified as significant and which can be neglected. At the end, an optimal anti-noise measure will be proposed.

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The subject focuses on the issue of noise generation and propagation in rail transport. As part of the theoretical part, students will gain knowledge about the problem of noise, its localization and propagation, with an emphasis on rail transport. They will be introduced to both basic and innovative applications of anti-noise measures, both on the vehicle side and on the infrastructure side, and learn to implement their optimal combination to achieve the best possible effect. The practical part of the subject is field measurement, where the dominant sources of noise on a real moving vehicle will be located with the help of a modern acoustic camera.

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Critical Zone is defined as a thin layer of the Earth’s surface and near-surface terrestrial environment from the top of the vegetation canopy, or atmosphere–vegetation interface, to the bottom of the weathering zone, or freshwater–bedrock interface (US National Research Council, 2001). A variety of physical, chemical and biological interactions between the biotic and abiotic constituents of the critical zone occurs over a range of spatial and temporal scales. These interactions determine near surface fluxes of mass, energy and momentum and control transport and cycling of water, carbon and other chemicals. Understanding critical zone processes is an important prerequisite for the prediction of the consequences of surface pollution, climate change impacts and land use adaptation effects. The course aims at making students understand basic principles facilitating the quantitative description of the state and flow of water and transport of dissolved chemicals and energy in the critical zone, with emphasis on the processes crucial for the soil–plant–atmosphere system. The course covers the topics of parameterization of soil and plant hydraulic properties; formulation of governing equations of water flow, solute transport and heat transfer; initial and boundary conditions of the governing equations and basic measurement techniques. Specific attention will be paid to the individual hydraulic and transport processes, such as: infiltration, evaporation, redistribution, capillary rise, plant root water uptake, sap flow and plant transpiration, surface and subsurface stormflow, preferential flow and transport of contaminants in the soil profile.

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The aim of this subject is to extend the basic knowledge on runoff genesis (precipitation, evapotranspiration and runoff processes) in the catchment scale by using techniques developer by water management and landscape ecology. The planned seminars will be concerned predominantly on the observation of meteorological and hydrological variables, and their application in the catchment – reservoir system and water resources recharge. The special attention will be paid to the critical phases of runoff and water quality genesis with respect to the impacts of global climate change and socio- economic situations.

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The activity of running surface water in terms of morphological changes of the Earth's surface can be definitely viewed as a dominant factor. River landscape is among the most dynamically developing landscape features. The subject therefore focuses on areas that determine the major potential in the transformations and development stages of watercourses. The key hydrological theme of the study will be the concept of a dominant channel flow and pulse changes due to flood flows. Furthermore, the natural development stages of water channels and river floodplain will be studied, which can be documented by direct field observations, simple laboratory experiments, or remote sensing monitoring methods. Attention will be paid not only to qualitative descriptive ways of transport processes and morphological changes but also to the ways of their quantification or dynamic processes in their modelling. The course will also focus on the role of human activities in the context of negative and positive influences on natural morphological processes in river system. The main area for active participation of the students within this course is the study and analysis of mutually influencing natural or anthropogenically induced factors within the application of a dynamic model of morphological development. Students will be motivated to prepare a state of the art report in the given field fluvial morphology or to prepare a simple demonstration experiment in order to explain fluvial response to induced changes. Other areas include streambank stability, the main factors and processes leading to bank failures, monitoring of fluvial changes, stabilization and bank protection measures, the connection between the erosion of the bed and the banks of the bed and demonstration methods. The course is also open to other related topics brought by students themselves, such as the relationship between river morphological processes and animal and plant communities in flowing waters (renaturation and instream habitat restoration).

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The course focuses on processes affecting the transport of water-dissolved chemicals in natural porous systems. In addition to reactive substances, conceptualization of basic transport processes is considered for non-reactive (conservative) substances. The emphasis is put on mathematical description of water movement and transport of solutes in soils including transformation processes (initial and boundary conditions, governing equations, analytical and numerical solution, parameterization of transport coefficients). Attention is also be paid to the concept of breakthrough curve, parameterization of sorption and degradation processes, description of chemical transport using a two-region/two-site model, existing databases of transport parameters of organic compounds, and different approaches used to assess mobility of organic compounds in the vadose zone.

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The subject represents an introduction overview of the sources of failures in hydraulic systems, the definitions of the risk categorization and representations of risk and the risks of non-compliance with the purpose of water works or system. Followed by quantifying the risks and possibilities of the application risk analysis of vice-criteria evaluation of task and problems. An essential part of the subject of the introduction of knowledge-based and expert systems (basic concepts and principles), understanding the principles of work with knowledge and familiarization with the basic activities and practices from the field of knowledge engineering. In the context of understanding the technology processing expertise, students will be also acquainted with the processes of discovery, capture, creation, classification and representation of expert knowledge. Knowledge of learning theory will be applied to the pilot examples of knowledge-based methods in water management practice.

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The students will learn the principles of modern experimental and monitoring methods in fields of soil hydrology and transport processes. Students will acquaint themselves with methods of laboratory and field measurement of soil moisture and temperature, water fluxes and water potential in the subsurface. Modern methods for the detection of hydraulic properties of soils will be presented. The principles of non-destructive diagnostic methods (neutron radiography, nuclear magnetic resonance, X-ray tomography) and their application in geosciences will be explained. Students will work individually or in small teams on assignments that will include field or laboratory measurements. The emphasis will be on data analysis, data interpretation and presentation of results. Excursions to experimental catchments and other experimental sites are an integral part of the course.

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Theory of flow of water in variably saturated porous media. General flow equation, capacity and diffusivity forms, initial and boundary conditions. Methods of solution, numerical simulation models. The applicability in natural conditions. Soil hydraulic properties, hysteresis effects, advanced measurement techniques, data processing software, theory of capillary models, inverse optimisation programs, practical and theoretical weaknesses of the methods, reliability control, spatial and temporal variability. Heterogeneity and preferential flow. Reviw of relevant literature, the topics will relate to the field of disertation of a particular student.

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Course students get acquainted with the principles of modern methods of monitoring of erosion processes and monitoring of sediment transport and sediment bound pollutants. Monitoring of transport of substances is linked to transport models and options for verification of their equations. The basis of the subject is getting practical skills and practices in the field and in the laboratory. The individual components of monitoring: remote sensing of eroded surfaces (laserscan, close range photogrammetry, Structure From Motion) and volumetric analysis; in-situ monitoring (field plots, catch bags); monitoring with the use of a rainfall simulator; continuous and episodic monitoring in small water flows (turbidimetry and auto sampler); monitoring using electromagnetic tracers; monitoring of sediment in the reservoirs. Students will solve a separate or team role with the realization of measurements in the laboratory or in the field, including the analysis of collected data and the presentation of results. Part of the teaching are field excursions and monitoring campaigns.

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Course will introduce students into GIS analyses and numerical modelling of water movement and water retention on the scale of a watershed. The aim is to quantitatively evaluate and predict different components of the hydrologic cycle. Single rainfall runoff events, long term studies and the effect of various measures and scenarios of watershed management will be discussed.

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Learning outcomes of the course is to apprise of the students with the individual components of surface runoff and erosion processes. The conditions of the arising these processes arise, the measurement and modeling options. The basis of the subject is the measurement and subsequent analysis of data using rainfall simulations on the elementary scale in decimetres to square meters. Students will be acquainted with the methods and possibilities of the measurig with rainfall simulations, including laboratory methods to analyze physico-chemical properties of transported substances. Experimentally obtained values will be used for numerical modeling. Optimization of computational relations, calibration and verification of models. Extrapolation from small scale to basin size will be also tested. Students will be involved in work teams to acquire measurement techniques and develop a stand-alone assessment and modeling role. Excursions to field experimental sites are part of the lessons.

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The subject is focused on understanding and training in description and quantification of basic hydrological processes within the catchment (relations between rainfall – retention – runoff – transport – deposition) concerned to water, solid particles and dissolved pollutants. Student will examine listed relations within selected catchment, will apply various mathematical models and methods and will try to determine critical hot spots within the catchment. Further he will search for various ways of compensation, will quantify the effect of applicable control measures and will compare expenses related to benefits. Questions of effectiveness – bot of functional and economic will be discussed, to reach consensus concerning of feasibility and applicability in real conditions. To determine recent situation within the catchment, student will apply modern experimental techniques, tools and setups, allowing monitoring of current status of soil, vegetation, water regime and further parameters of locality. The subject is oriented practically and will conclude knowledge from previous theoretical subjects, focused on individual processes, their measurement and description on theoretical level. If there are more students within the group, team work will be preferred with focus on various processes, activities and land-use and landscape exploitation types.

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The course covers modern techniques for monitoring of meteorological, hydrological and hydropedological variables and processes in the cultural landscape. Students will learn how to design the monitoring networks for the both long term and short term monitoring, how to optimize available instrumentation. Students will learn the basics of the environmental data analysis, interpretation and visualization.

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The subject will introduce to students basic principles of landscape engineering and landscape conservation. Complex understanding of the topic, interrelations and synergies will be emphasized, rather than particular tasks of individual disciplines. There will be defined specific target area for individual student, or group of students (according to their specialization), where strong interaction between human activities and landscape occurred or is expected. The goal of the work (project) then will be understanding to relations, processes, effects and conditioning within given locality, possible effects on the landscape by planned or realized activity and possibly brief proposal of compensation or prevention measures or modification of original project. Students should ideally work within the team, search for interdisciplinary solutions, analyses, to apply multicriterial approach.

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The subject is the continuation of Hydraulics of Porous Media. Fundamentals of solute transport in the subsurface. Complexity of the problem, miscible flow, conservative flow, advection-dispersion equation, initial and boundary conditions, methods of solution. Velocity field determination.. Dispersion characteristics, methods of determination, inverse optimisation programs, scale dependence. Parameter identification. Transport of reactive species, types of chemical reactions. Multiphase (immiscible) flow, NAPLs, mathematical description. Numerical simulation models. Flow of water and migrants in natural conditions, preferential flow and transport. Aplication of HYDRUS simulation models. Geochemical and multipdase simulation models. Case studies. For this subject the passing of the Hydraulics of Porous Media is assumed. In negative case, the basic knowledge of the theory of flow in porous media is given in initial lectures supplemented by individual reading of selected literature and followed by testing of relevant knowledge.

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Course students get acquainted with the principles of modeling of water erosion and sediment transport and sediment bound nutrients. The basic tools used are empirically based distributed transport models (Watem/SEDEM, SWAT, etc.). The topics cover calibration and verification, options to provide relevant input data, principles of balancing phosphorus in large river basins, the importance and the retention capacity of the individual components of the landscape (agricultural land, other areas, waterways , water tanks). The processes are described and shown on the examples of how to implement field data (measurements in the catchment area, suspended solids flows and sediment in the tanks). Students will solve a separate or team role with the realization of measurement in the field, build a model, analysis of collected data and the presentation of results. Part of the teaching are excursions to the experimental basin and model site.

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The aim of the subject is deepening of knowledge of a PhD student in the field of the environmental chemistry, the basis of which is lectured in Bachelor degree of Civil Engineering study program and later in Master degree, Environmental Engineering and Water Management orientation. Topics of theoretical lessons: chemistry of the five parts of the environment: hydrosphere (focussed particularly on specific pollution – micropollution), atmosphere (inorganic and organic gaseous pollutants, global change of the content of the atmosphere, monitoring of atmospheric pollution, chemistry of the internal environment of buildings), pedosphere and geochemistry (chemical substances/pollutants in soil environment, water – soil interaction, colloids in soil), anthroposphere (industrial ecology and green chemistry, sustainable energy and materials), biosphere (environmental biochemistry and toxicology). Practical laboratory seminars will be focussed on specific micropollutants (heavy metals, pesticides, high-molecular organic substances) and their analyses mainly in waters, bed sediments and soils with association to environmental characteristics (basic chemical quality of waters, composition and grainsize of sediments and soils, etc.)